赖世雄经典英语语法（经典英语语法）

典范英语语法："一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新"。"一随主"是指在直接引语变间接引语时，从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所点缀。

一、若何怎样变人称

接下来有一句顺口溜"一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新"。"一随主"是指在直接引语变间接引语时，若是从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所润饰。从句中的人称要依照主句中主语的人称转变如：

She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.

"二随宾"是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所点缀。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语相同。假如引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：

He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。

"第三人称不更新"是指直接引语变间接引语时。假如从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所润饰藻饰从句中的人称普通不用蜕化如：

Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。

二、若何变时态

直接引语在改成间接引语时、时态需求做响应的调动。

现在时它需改成往日时态;往日时态改成完成时;往日完成时则保存原来的时态。如：

1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen

2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.

3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。

但要着重在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变成间接引语时，时态一样平常不变化。

①直接引语是客观真理。

"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。

②直接引语是曩昔进行时，时态固定。如：

Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。

③直接引语中有详细的昔时某年、某月、某日作状语，变成间接引语时，时态固定。如：

Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。

④直接引语如果是凡是现在时。暗示一种几次呈现或习惯性的行动，变间接引语，时态固定。如：

He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。

⑤假如直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的式样(例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的式样时，(例：could, should, would, might)不再变。如：

Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。

三、何如变状语

直接引语变间接引语，状语变动有其内涵规津，时间状语由"此刻"改成"素来"(例：now变成then, yesterday。变成 the day before)处所状语，特别示意方向性的，或用指点代词润饰的状语，由"此"改成"彼"(例：this 改成that),如：

He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.

四、怎样变句型

①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改成由that开导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或普通疑问句，间接引语应改成由whether或if启发的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.

"You have finished the homework, haven't you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.

"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

③直接引语如果是独特问句，间接引语理当改成由疑难代词或疑难副词向导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。

She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.

④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改成"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：

"Don't make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

⑤直接引语若是所以"Let's"发端的祈使句，变成间接引语时，通常用"suggest +动句词(或从句)。"如：

He said, "Let's go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.

引述别人的话有两种手段：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语;一是用自个的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。譬喻：

John said, "I'm going to London with my father."

约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"(引号内是直接引语)

John said that he was going to London with his father.

约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。(宾语从句是间接引语)

由直接引语变成间接引语，分以下景况：

1. 直接引语是陈述句时

间接引语为that向导的宾语从句(白话中that能够节略)，主句的引述动词紧要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。

He said , "You are younger than I."-'He said (that ) I was younger than him.

2.直接引语是疑问句时

间接引语为陈说语序：主句的谓语动词say 改成ask,或改成wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。

(1) 平常疑问句或反意疑问句变成if (whether)启发的宾语从句。

She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"

→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.

She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven't you?"

→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.

(2) 选择疑问句变成whether....or 宾语从句。

I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"

→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

(3)独特疑问句变为由原来的疑问词向导的宾语从句。

He asked , "Where do you live?"

→He asked me where I lived.

3.直接引语是祈使句时

间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语(don't 变成not ).

The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.

His father said to him , "Don't leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.[贯注](1) 有些示意推荐、创议、告诫或请求的祈使句，能够用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。比方：

He said, "Let's go to the theatre."

→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.

(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.

→He asked me to open the window.

"Why don't you take a walk after supper?" he asked .

→he advised me to take a walk after supper.

"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.

→He suggested listening to the music.

4.直接引语是感叹句时

间接引语为what 或how 开导，也可以用that 开导。

She said, "What a lovely day it is !"

→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.

5.假如主句谓语动词为各类而今时或寻常来日时，则间接引语中的动词仍保留直接引语正本时态。假如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列转变：

(1) 日常现在时变成日常过去时

(2) 目前进行时变成往日进行时

(3) 平常来日时变成昔时来日时

(4) 现在完成时变成过去完成时

(5) 平常过去时变成过去完成时

(6) 过去完成时固定，仍为过去完成时[介意](1) 若是直接引语是体现客观真理时，变成间接引语，一样平常现在时不改成一样平常过去时。如：

The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."

→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

(2) 若是直接引语中有明了默示过时间的状语，变成间接引语时，日常过去时不改成过去完成时。如：

He said to me, "I was born in 1973."

→He told me that he was born in 1973.

(3)假如直接引语所述本相在那时和此刻异样奏效，变成间接宾语时，凡是现在时不改成凡是过去时。如：

He said, "I'm a boy, not a girl."

→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.

(4)假如直接引语中的谓语动词体现一种屡屡呈现或习惯举动，在变成间接引时，通常现在时不改成通常过去时。如：

The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."

→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.

(5)若是直接引语中含有since, when, while 启发的透露表现往时时间的状语从句，在变成间接引语时，只改换主句中的谓语动词，从句的平常往时时则固定。如：

He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."

→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.

(6)若是直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变成间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改造。比方：

The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."

→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.

He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."

→He said that he could swim when he was only six.

6.代词等平常地应效用响应的转变。

批示代词 this ---that

these--- those

示意时间的词 now --- then

today--- that day

this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)

yesterday ----the day before

last week(month) --- the week(month) before

three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before

tomorrow ----the next (following ) day

next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)

表处所的词 here --there

动词 bring -- takecome -goUnit3。如今进行时表未来畴昔

当句子波及切实的计划、清晰的用意和为未来畴昔部署好的活动时, 而今进行时可用于示意未来畴昔。1) come, go, stay, arrive, leave 等词的而今进行时时常用于示意未来畴昔切实的计划。

2) 示意交通格式、行程安插的动词，比方 fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a bus, a taxi)等的而今进行时也每每用于示意异日(注意: 英语中部分表 "状况和感官"的动词每每不必于进行时【见下表】)

用法和单词例句表生计或坐标: be, lie, stand

Japan lies to the east of China.

表所属: have, own, possess, belong to, fit, suit

Taiwan belongs to China.

Who owns this land?

表知觉: see, hear, smell, taste, sound, look, feel, seem, appear

I smell the dinner cooking.

He seems quite happy.

表领会、信奉、偏见、猜忌、揣摩、期望: know, think, understand, doubt, suppose, hope, wish

He doubts whether you will find your lost pen again.

表喜好、抗议、怨恨、讨厌: love, like, prefer, mind, hate, want, dislike, envy

We love our motherland deeply.

They envy her good fortune.细心：其它,暗示将来的举动或状况,还可用以下几种体例:

① will / shall+动词究竟 例： I shall be seventeen years old next month.

② be going to+动词底细:示意马上发作的或近来盘算进行的事。例;We are going to have a meeting today.

③ be to+动词真相:示意按计划要产生的事或包罗对方定见。例：Are we to go on with this work?

④ be about to+动词究竟,示意行将发作的举动,不与示意将来的时间状语连用。

例;I was about to go swimming when my guide shouted at me and told me not to do so.

我正要去泅水, 这时引导大声叫我不要去。

⑤ be +动词的ing表面：示意按计划或安置要发作的事, 寄义是 "预定要......" 这一机关经常使用趋势动词 go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay , return 和 play, do, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet等 。

例：--- When are you going off for your holiday? 你什么时候起程去度假?

--- My plane is taking off at 9:20, so I must be at the airport by 8:30. 我乘坐的飞机将于9:20分起飞, 因而我必须在8:30以前赶到机场。

⑥ 普通现在时默示来日时

(1) 按规定展望要产生的未来手脚,仅限于动词come, go, leave, move, start, return, arrive, begin, stay等动词.

(2) 用在状语从句顶用通常而今时代替改日时。 例：If you do that again, I'll hit you.

(3) 用在I bet 和I hope后背, 罕用平常现在时表异日。 例 I bet you don't get up before ten tomorrow.

例： The plane takes off at 10:10. That is, it's leaving in ten minutes.

⑦ 纯正阐发未来的真相,能够用异日进行时,也可表示按计划布置异日要践诺的行动。

Unit 4~5.定语从句

1. 定语从句的布局及明白2. 定语从句的关系词的使用3. 定语从句的简化抒发

知识概括概括

(一)定语从句的构造：在复合句中，梳妆化妆某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语)叫定语从

句，定语从句一样平常放在被化装的名词或代词背面，被化装的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语

从句之间要有一个词相连，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关连词(关连代词或关连副词：that, which, who,

whose, when, where, why)。先行词在定语从句中充任主语，宾语，时间，地方，因素状语。

构造：先行词+关系词+定语从句。

1. Thereshesaw a wall of water that was quicklyadvancing towards her.

2. In Japan, someone who sees anotherperson making thegesture will thinkit means money.

3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a commontheme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the

riversandcoastal waters ofAsia.

5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do thethings they have seen

theirheroes doin themovie.

6. OprahWinfrey is ablack woman whose rise tofame is an inspiring story.

(二)定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：

限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的刻画或讲明，欠缺它，则句义显得不完善，从句与先行词

紧密相连。

非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行弥补阐发，注释，它与先行词之间有逗号离隔。

1. Beforeshecould move, sheheard aloud noise,which grewtoa terrible roar.

2. Treeafter tree went down, cutdown bythe water, which must havebeen three meters deep.

3. Flora,whose beautifulhair anddress were all cold andwet, startedcrying.

4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the

audience applaud.

(三)关系词前方能够凭据定语从句的内容加之部分介词，这些关系词在介词后背罕用 which 或 whom.

1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of thecompany.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes

in which people were eaten bythe shark.

知识核心与难点

(一)当先行词有第一流，序数词润色，是不定代词，或是 all,no, only等表面时，关连代词一般用that，

而不能用 which。

1. The Titanic was the largest shipthat hadeverbeen built atthattime.

2. Thereis onething that keeps worrying me.

(二)当先行词是暗示时间，处所，原由的词时，关系词用 when, where, why 尚有which, that

1. I'mveryglad toreturn tomy hometown where I hadlived for10 years.

2. This is my hometown which Iused totalk about toyou.

3. Ithink Ican understand thereason why hedidn't tellthe truth tome.

4. No one believes thereason that he gaveus abouthis absence at themeeting.

(三)定语从句的简化抒发：

1. The man who is sitting onthe platformis a professorfromWuhanUniversity.

2. The letter thatwas mailed lastnight will reach himtomorrow.

3. The questionthat is beingdiscussed is veryimportant.

4. Youarewelcome toa partytobe givenin ourclass at7:45.

诠释：以上的定语从句一些能够用特别加倍容易的非谓语式子表达出来：

1. The man sittingon theplatformis a professorfromWuhan University.

2. The letter mailed lastnight will reach himtomorrow.

3. The questionbeing discussedis veryimportant.

4. Youarewelcome toa partytobe givenin ourclass at7:45.

阐发：润饰藻饰一个名词除了背面用定语从句之外，还可以用非谓语动词式子：doing短语，done短语，

beingdone短语，tobe done短语润饰。其机关和有趣如下：

1. 被润色名词+doing短语： 正在做....的人/正在爆发的事。

2. 被点缀名词+ done短语： 被.....的人/事

3. 被润饰名词+beingdone短语：正在被.....的人/事

4. 被化装名词+ tobe done短语：将要被.....的人/事

(1)Do youknow theman talkingto my sister?

(2)The "crazy"gesture, moving the indexfinger in acircle in front of the ear,means "youhave a

phone call"in Brazil.

(3)Did yousee that carbeingrepaired ?

(4)In a camera,the lensmust befocused onthe objectto bephotographed.

(5)The students toattend themeeting will arrive heretomorrow.

(6)Goods importedfromabroad arenotalways betterthan thosemade inChina.

(7)The Yellow River,said tobe "themotherriver"runs across China like a huge dragon.

概括：以上做定语的那些短语便是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各式体例作定语。

1. 这些短语作定语应放在被化装名词的后背。假如零丁一个V-ing或 V-ed形势作定语，则能够放在被

润饰藻饰名词前方。

2. 分词作定语时，其行动应与全句行动同时发生。V-ing默示积极事理和正在做，V-ed默示被迫事理。

beingdone示意正在被做的

3. 不定式作定语示意将要爆发的，tobe done示意将要被做的

【典范例题】

[例1] Friendshipis needed byall, _____plays animportantrole inpeople'slives.

A. which B. that C. who D. it

解析：_____plays animportant rolein people's lives为非限定性定语从句点缀先行词 Friendship用

which 邻接定语从句。谜底：A[例2] Uncle Li_____I worked three yearsagohas retirednow.

A. who B. whom C. with whom D. towhom

解析：_____I worked three years ago作为定语从句梳妆化妆先行词 Uncle Li，从句齐全的抒发是：I

worked with Uncle Lithree yearsago. 因此关系词前应加之介词 with。谜底：C[例3] Is thisthe reason_____at themeeting forhis carelessnessin his work ?

A. he explained B. what he explained C. howhe explained D. why heexplained

解析：定语从句_____at themeeting forhis carelessnessin his work 化装先行词 thereason指"他

在会上就他工作中的马虎解说的起因。先行词在从句中做宾语。谜底：A[例4] Teachers, _____work is rather hard, arebeingbetter paidthan before.

A. who B. that C. which D. whose

解析：非限定性定语从句_____work is ratherhard梳妆化妆先行词teachers, 它与从句中的 work 是附属

关连，关连词用 whose谜底：D[例5 ] The Olympic Games , _____in 776BC, didn't included women playersuntil1912.

A. first playing B. to befirstplayed

C. firstplayed D. tobe firstplaying

解析：公元前 776年被初次举办的奥运会，直到1912年才包容女运动员。_____in776 BC 做定语修

饰 The Olympic Games，指往日的内容，体现被迫。用 done做定语。谜底：C[例6] The houses _____ fortheteachers andthe constructionwork will startsoon.

A. built B. to bebuilt C. tobuild D. beingbuilt

解析：按照句意屋子行将开工。_____ forthe teachers andthe construction work 润饰藻饰 The houses

应为 The houses The houses将要为老师和施工建造的屋子。谜底：B[例7] How many of us_____,a meetingthat is notimportantto uswould beinterested in thediscussion?

A. attended B. attending C. toattend D. haveattended

解析：按照句意：比如说，我们之中参与一个对我们绝不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个磋商感兴

趣呢?_____,say,a meeting that is notimportantto us梳妆化妆 How many ofus 做定语。与全句举动同步.谜底：B[例8] She hasthree children, _____ is working in Australia.

A. who B. oneof whom C. oneof them D. none ofthem

解析：非限定性定语从句__is working inAustralia润饰藻饰先行词 three children，遵循从句中的is 判决，

是说：三个孩童中的一个在澳大利亚工作。谜底：B【模拟试题】

1. Susanis thevery girl_____the good deed.

A. whom I think did B. whom I think shedid

C. who I think did D. I thinkwho did

2. Luckily,thepoor boy hadenough money _____he couldbuy atrain ticket.

A. by which B. on which C. with which D. forwhich

3. The book _____ hedevoted much time is to come outnext month.

A. where B. which C. towhich D. onwhich

4. The daycame finally _____ Iwas given anopportunity to actin theplay.

A. when B. in that C. which D. in which

5. 1.Don't youthink thequestion _____ tomorrowis ofgreat importance.

A. beingdiscussed B. discussed

C. tobe discussed D. todiscuss

6. The food_____atthemoment is forthedinner party.

A. cooked B. to becooked C. is beingcooked D. beingcooked

7. Doyou knowthe teacher_____under thebig tree ?

A. read B. reads C. reading D. beingread

【试题谜底】

1. C Susan 恰是我认为作了功德的那位女孩。先行词 theverygirl 在从句中做think 的宾语，同时又

是反面宾语从句 didthegood deed.的主语，以是关系词不能用whom

2. C 定语从句_____hecould buya train ticket.化装先行词 money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前方

必要加介词：with

3. C 定语从句 _____ he devoted much time 意思是：他把多量的时间都投入在这本书上了。

devote....tosth.关系词前加介词：to

4. A 定语从句_____ I was given an opportunity to act in the play润色先行词 the day ：先行词 the

day在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我获得了表演一个角色的机遇。

5. C 短语_____tomorrow做定语润色the question，依据抒发的内容：来日诰日马上被接洽的问题。该当

用不定式的被迫构造做定语。

6. D 短语_____at the moment 做 the food的定语,默示：正在做的食品。Being done 做定语默示：

正在被......的......。

7. C 目前分词短语 reading underthe bigtree做定语润饰藻饰 theteacher 默示：正在大树下看书的那位教师。